{"id":19644,"date":"2026-07-15T14:06:59","date_gmt":"2026-07-15T14:06:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/?p=19644"},"modified":"2026-07-15T14:07:01","modified_gmt":"2026-07-15T14:07:01","slug":"laeknisaudkenni-kynningarkodar-vulkan-vegas-wikipedia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/laeknisaudkenni-kynningarkodar-vulkan-vegas-wikipedia\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e6knisau\u00f0kenni Kynningark\u00f3\u00f0ar vulkan vegas Wikipedia"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"toc\" style=\"background: #f9f9f9;border: 1px solid #aaa;display: table;margin-bottom: 1em;padding: 1em;width: 350px;\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: 700;text-align: center;\">Innlegg<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#worldwide-usage\">Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg notkun<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#usage-by-medical-practitioners-in-the-uk-and-culturally-related-countries\">N\u00fdttu \u00fe\u00e9r fr\u00e1 v\u00edsindal\u00e6knum \u00ed Bretlandi og \u00fe\u00fa munt kynnast menningartengdum l\u00f6ndum<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#usage-by-medical-practitioners-in-the-uk-and-culturally-related-countries-1\">Innlima\u00f0u vegna v\u00edsindalegra me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ila \u00ed Bretlandi og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir menningarlega skyldra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#worldwide-usage-1\">Notkun um allan heim<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Augnl\u00e6knar geta einnig veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00ed Bretlandi er fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0a \u00ed sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i nau\u00f0synleg fyrir l\u00f6ggilta sj\u00f3nl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 reynslu af hef\u00f0bundinni l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i). Debrett&#39;s heldur \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1fram a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0leggja a\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knar s\u00e9u venjulega kalla\u00f0ir skur\u00f0l\u00e6knar og \u00fev\u00ed er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c a\u00f0eins gagnlegt fyrir tannl\u00e6kna sem hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. <!--more--> Eins og me\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega MBBS-gr\u00e1\u00f0una eru tannl\u00e6knar me\u00f0 fram\u00farskarandi BS-gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed tannl\u00e6kningum (BDS) og d\u00fdral\u00e6knar me\u00f0 BS-gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVSc), BS-gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVetMed) e\u00f0a BS-gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum og a\u00f0ger\u00f0um (BVMS). \u00c1ri\u00f0 2005 hvatti \u00fe\u00e1verandi forma\u00f0ur Konunglega l\u00e6knah\u00e1sk\u00f3lans l\u00e6kna til a\u00f0 nota hugtaki\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c og sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 notkun \u201eMr\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eUngfr\u00fa\u201c v\u00e6ri ruglingsleg. Fyrirsagnir og heimilisf\u00f6ng fr\u00e1brug\u00f0in fyrirs\u00f6gnum Debretts til a\u00f0 mi\u00f0a \u00e1 umsl\u00f6g til heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsmanna og sleppa n\u00fdju forn\u00f6fnunum fr\u00e1 Dr. (t.d. John Smith, Esq, MD; John Smith, MD; John Smith, MB) nema \u00ed Skotlandi og hef\u00f0bundnum sj\u00fakra\u00fej\u00e1lfurum, \u00fear sem nafnor\u00f0in eru alltaf undanskilin (t.d. Dr. John Smith).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 (allt fr\u00e1 tannl\u00e6kna\u00fej\u00f3nustu) veri\u00f0 l\u00fdstir \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt og l\u00e6knar, en almennar greinar Tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0s fr\u00e1 1995 leyfa tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, hvort sem margir vilja \u00fea\u00f0 ekki e\u00f0a ekki og hafa \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1hyggjur af l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum st\u00f6\u00f0u sinni.<\/li>\n<li>Hann e\u00f0a h\u00fan er veitt af h\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum me\u00f0 tilliti til n\u00fdja konungsins, og pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0a hans hefur gildi samkv\u00e6mt samf\u00e9lagsskjali.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 stunda meistaran\u00e1m \u00e1 n\u00fdjustu stigi, skrifa fram\u00farskarandi lokaritger\u00f0, oft fram\u00farskarandi lokaritger\u00f0 vegna b\u00f3karinnar, og \u00fe\u00fa getur opinberlega vari\u00f0 n\u00fdju lokaritger\u00f0ina.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00f0 hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u hefur veri\u00f0 grundvallarkrafa fyrir fram\u00farskarandi sk\u00f3lasamf\u00e9lag.<\/li>\n<li>Til a\u00f0 eiga kennara me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum \u00ed l\u00e1g-Evr\u00f3pusambandinu \u00fearf menntam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0 \u00ed Bonn a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna n\u00fdja menntun s\u00edna opinberlega (\u201esta\u00f0festa\u201c).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er algeng venja a\u00f0 eiga kvenkyns v\u00edsindalega me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ila \u00ed maka til a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr. (fr\u00fa)\u201c b\u00e6\u00f0i innan og utan um pers\u00f3nulega h\u00e6fileika. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld ur\u00f0u doktorar s\u00edfellt vins\u00e6lli \u00ed Bretlandi, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 til a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last menntun \u00feurfti a\u00f0 fer\u00f0ast til meginlands Evr\u00f3pu e\u00f0a (fr\u00e1 1861) til Bandar\u00edkjanna, en pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0an var ekki veitt \u00ed Bretlandi fyrr en \u00e1ri\u00f0 1917. Samkv\u00e6mt r\u00e1\u00f0stefnu nota handhafar hei\u00f0ursdoktorsnafnb\u00f3ta ekki n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 \u201eDr.\u201c \u00ed almennum samskiptum, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed sta\u00f0festum samskiptum h\u00e1sk\u00f3lans sem gefur \u00fat n\u00fdju hei\u00f0ursnafnb\u00f3tina, \u00fe\u00e1 er algengt a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa n\u00fdja einstaklinginn samkv\u00e6mt nafninu. \u00d3formlega er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0, \u00ed fullri og hugsanlegri styttri merkingu (\u00fe.e. \u201edr.\u201c), nota\u00f0 hei\u00f0urslega til a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa l\u00e6kna \u00ed opinberari umgj\u00f6r\u00f0 eins og \u00ed fyrirlesurum, en opinberlega er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki eing\u00f6ngu fr\u00e1teki\u00f0 fyrir n\u00fdnema me\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lagr\u00e1\u00f0ur. Vissulega hafa einnig veri\u00f0 d\u00e6mdar \u00farskur\u00f0ir um a\u00f0 augl\u00fdsing um a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00e1hugasaman beinl\u00e6kni sem l\u00fdsti \u00fe\u00e9r sem l\u00e6kni er rangt, \u00fear sem \u00feetta er \u00ed raun augl\u00fdsing sem nota\u00f0i n\u00fdjasta heiti\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c og einnig bloggf\u00e6rslunafni\u00f0 \u201ePhD\u201c \u00e1 grundvelli g\u00f3\u00f0rar doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 \u00e1hugas\u00f6mum, \u00f3vi\u00f0urkenndum h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 (eins og tannl\u00e6knar) veri\u00f0 taldir vera l\u00e6knar, en samkv\u00e6mt almennu tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i \u00e1ri\u00f0 1995 hefur tannl\u00e6knum veri\u00f0 heimilt a\u00f0 nota heiti\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt margir vilji \u00fea\u00f0 ekki og hafi \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1hyggjur af l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum st\u00f6\u00f0u.<\/p>\n<h2>Eftir a\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0ri doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u er loki\u00f0 er n\u00fdjasta doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an marka\u00f0ssett til a\u00f0 geta stunda\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1n langvarandi \u00fatgjalda, skammst\u00f6funin \u201edrs &#8211; Kynningark\u00f3\u00f0ar vulkan vegas<\/h2>\n<p>\u201c. Ruglingur getur stafa\u00f0 af fyrsta hollenska meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0unni \u201edrs.\u201c (fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 sem ekki eru t\u00e6knifr\u00e6\u00f0ingar og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar). \u00dea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 n\u00fd l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0igr\u00e1\u00f0a s\u00e9 n\u00fd l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0igr\u00e1\u00f0a fram a\u00f0 breytingum \u00e1ri\u00f0 2014 og hefur veri\u00f0 k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201es\u00f6guleg farangur\u201c fr\u00e1 deildarforseta l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ih\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00e1 M\u00f6ltu.<\/p>\n<p>Bl\u00e1a krossinn og \u00fe\u00fa getur Bl\u00e1a skj\u00f6ldinn (BCBS) f\u00f3lk getur leita\u00f0 til l\u00e6kna, l\u00e6knisstofnana og tannl\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.europeanbusinessreview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Screenshot-2021-11-13-115348-1.png\" alt=\"Kynningark\u00f3\u00f0ar vulkan vegas\" align=\"right\" border=\"1\" style=\"padding: 20px;\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00cd Hong Kong eru breskar konur sem kalla l\u00e6kna \u201edoktor\u201c \u00fe\u00f3tt margir \u00feeirra hafi a\u00f0eins gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og skur\u00f0l\u00e6kningum (MBBS e\u00f0a MBChB). N\u00fdja skammst\u00f6funin Drs. v\u00edsar einnig til doctorandus, hollensks fr\u00e6\u00f0iheitis sem var skipt \u00fat fyrir meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed meistaran\u00e1mi. \u00cd st\u00f3rum hluta hins n\u00fdja menntaheims v\u00edsar hugtaki\u00f0 doktor til \u00feeirra sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi (h\u00e1sk\u00f3lagr\u00e1\u00f0u) fr\u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. \u00deeir sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi notu\u00f0u n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 af mikilli fagmennsku og f\u00e9lagslega. N\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 er einnig nota\u00f0 um l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00ed Su\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, \u00fear sem \u00feeir hafa almennt loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi, og \u00ed fyrri port\u00fag\u00f6lskum sv\u00e6\u00f0um utan Goa \u00e1 Indlandi og Maka\u00f3 \u00ed As\u00edu.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c1\u00f0ur en formleg \u00feekking kom til s\u00f6gunnar m\u00e1 f\u00e6ra r\u00f6k fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00fdjasta samt\u00edmadoktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0un (PhD) hafi komi\u00f0 fram \u00ed Leipzig sem arftaki fr\u00e6\u00f0imennsku meistarans \u00e1ri\u00f0 1652 (Dr.<\/h2>\n<p>Eigendur \u201eLaurea\u201c f\u00e1 n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 l\u00e6knir (dottore\/dottoressa), \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c f\u00e1 n\u00fdja gr\u00e1\u00f0una magistral doc (dottore magistrale\/dottoressa magistrale) og doktorshafar eru kalla\u00f0ir l\u00e6knar (dottore di ricerca\/dottoressa di ricerca). Af s\u00f6gulegum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um eru n\u00fdjustu gr\u00e1\u00f0urnar doktors veittar \u00f6llum h\u00e1sk\u00f3laeigendum. Fyrsta sk\u00f3linn utan vestr\u00e6nna samf\u00e9laga, n\u00fdi h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00ed Bologna, er sta\u00f0settur \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu, \u00fear sem fram a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum var eina menntunin veitt fyrir n\u00fdja doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u, og flestir a\u00f0rir \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar fylgdu \u00fe\u00e9r til fyrirmyndar. \u00dea\u00f0 er fr\u00e1brug\u00f0i\u00f0 Arzt, \u00fear sem g\u00f3\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0a er ekki h\u00e1\u00f0 l\u00e6knum, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt notkun or\u00f0sins Doktor til a\u00f0 eiga l\u00e6kni s\u00e9 algeng og vi\u00f0 hin tr\u00faum oft ranglega a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins Doktors geti fengi\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00d3h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, innan finnskrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar, er notkun fyrirsagna undarleg og takmarka\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegustu samhengin.<\/p>\n<p>habil). \u00deessi tegund fr\u00e6\u00f0igreina var yfirleitt k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201eheimspeki\u201c (nota\u00f0 sem almennt hugtak yfir fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00feekkingu, ekki hi\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaka fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega hugtak heimspeki), en h\u00fan er n\u00fa flokku\u00f0 sem hugv\u00edsindi og v\u00edsindi, samsvarandi. Me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum er l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i sjaldg\u00e6fari, en fr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 algengari. Elstu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar &#8211; \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, fr\u00e6\u00f0igreinum og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i &#8211; endurspeglu\u00f0u n\u00fdja s\u00f6gulega sundrun h\u00e1sk\u00f3lan\u00e1ms \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00feremur svi\u00f0um. N\u00fdjar r\u00e6tur hugtaksins doc m\u00e1 rekja til frumkirkjunnar, ef hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c v\u00edsa\u00f0i til postulanna, kapelluf\u00e6\u00f0ra e\u00f0a annarra kristinna samf\u00e9laga sem kenndu og \u00fe\u00fdddu n\u00fdju Bibl\u00eduna. Ef \u00fea\u00f0 er nota\u00f0 sem \u201eDr\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eDr.\u201c er \u00fea\u00f0 gott heiti fyrir einhvern sem hefur loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi (er ekki me\u00f0 fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n<p>N\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 CSc Candidate out of Science er v\u00edsindalegt merki \u00ed \u00fareltu uppl\u00fdsingakerfi sem \u00ed dag er me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 sem svipa\u00f0 nafn og PhD. \u00dea\u00f0 var sett \u00e1 laggirnar \u00e1ri\u00f0 2012 a\u00f0 \u00feetta g\u00e6ti s\u00ed\u00f0ar veri\u00f0 framlengt til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 yfir doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar eru \u00e1 N\u00fdja Sj\u00e1landi. Fyrir kennara me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur utan Evr\u00f3pusambandsins ver\u00f0ur n\u00fd vottun a\u00f0 vera opinberlega sam\u00feykkt (\u201esta\u00f0fest\u201c) af alr\u00edkismenntam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn. Allir me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur eru r\u00e9ttilega kalla\u00f0ir \u201eHerr\/Frau Dr. _____\u201c \u00ed flestum samf\u00e9lagslegum kerfum. \u00cd \u00de\u00fdskalandi eru vins\u00e6lustu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar Dr. med. (l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i), Dr. med. drop. \u00cd \u00fe\u00fdskum\u00e6landi l\u00f6ndum t\u00e1knar or\u00f0i\u00f0 Doktor doktorsnema \u00ed opinberu or\u00f0afor\u00f0a (eins og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.casinotop10.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/planet7casino_mobile_view.png\" alt=\"Kynningark\u00f3\u00f0ar vulkan vegas\" align=\"left\" border=\"0\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u00deess konar fyrirsagnir eru oftast nota\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 hei\u00f0ra virta klerka fyrir fram\u00farskarandi verk \u00feeirra e\u00f0a \u00f6nnur markmi\u00f0 \u00e1 svi\u00f0i andlegrar og bibl\u00edulegrar fr\u00e6\u00f0slu. Greininni er s\u00ed\u00f0ar breytt til a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 inngangur l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inganna a\u00f0 n\u00fdja hugtakinu \u201es\u00e9 \u00ed raun fr\u00e1b\u00e6r (me\u00f0 \u00f3lund) sam\u00feykkt venja \u00ed sumum tilfellum en ekki \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum\u201c, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri sjaldan nota\u00f0 \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u201es\u00fdni a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa ert l\u00edka \u00feinn eigin l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a fram\u00farskarandi doktor &#8211; og \u00feetta b\u00fd\u00f0ur upp \u00e1 rangar uppl\u00fdsingar\u201c. Til a\u00f0 hafa samband (vi\u00f0urkennt sem \u201ealgengt anna\u00f0 markmi\u00f0 sem byggir \u00e1 samf\u00e9lagslegum og formlegum venjum\u201c) notar NASA \u201eDr. (fullt nafn)\u201c \u00ed sambandi til a\u00f0 hafa doktorsnema \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 hafa l\u00e6kna notar \u00fea\u00f0 \u201e(nafn), MD\u201c, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 b\u00e1\u00f0ir s\u00e9u kalla\u00f0ir \u201eDr. (eftirnafn)\u201c \u00ed kve\u00f0ju (sem kallast \u201e\u00f3formlegt\u201c).<\/p>\n<p>Innan Kar\u00edbahafs-enskunnar er algengt a\u00f0 nota \u201eDr. the newest Honourable\u201c \u00feegar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn eru me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur. \u00deetta v\u00edsa\u00f0i til d\u00e6mis til n\u00fdjustu eiginleika utan gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, l\u00f6ggjafar og f\u00edkniefna, stundum me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0 hlj\u00f3\u00f0um, sem voru einu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar sem veittar voru fram \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld. \u00dear af lei\u00f0andi hefur n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 af m\u00f6rgum s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00ed \u00feessum l\u00f6ndum, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum sem f\u00e1 venjulega ekki n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 annars sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n<p>Hj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar eru kalla\u00f0ir \u201ehj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur\u201c, enfermeiro (karl) e\u00f0a enfermeira (kvenkyns), n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 er Enf. \u00cd Port\u00fagal, til n\u00fat\u00edmans, sem s\u00e6kist eftir lokum utan grunnn\u00e1ms \u2013 nema \u00ed byggingarlist og kerfum \u2013 eru karlar kalla\u00f0ir doutor (Dr.) \u2013 karlkyns e\u00f0a doutora (Dra.) \u2013 konur. Hollenskar fr\u00e6\u00f0iheiti og gr\u00e1\u00f0u eru l\u00f6glega \u00f6rugg, \u00feannig a\u00f0 fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 2021 er sta\u00f0allinn \u201edr.\u201c og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur l\u00f6glega s\u00e1 sami og m\u00e1 nota til skiptis. \u00cd daglegu l\u00edfi eru n\u00fdjustu anglosaxnesku heitin (elizabeth.grams. PhD) oft notu\u00f0. \u00deau koma ekki fram \u00ed skj\u00f6lum (vegabr\u00e9fi, einstaklingsleyfi), sem er sjaldan nota\u00f0 \u00ed daglegri starfsemi. A\u00f0 hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u var einf\u00f6ld skilyr\u00f0i fyrir g\u00f3\u00f0a h\u00e1sk\u00f3lagr\u00e1\u00f0u.<\/p>\n<p>A\u00f0 \u00feessi venja s\u00e9 enn algeng og a\u00f0 \u00fatskriftarnemar eftir a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafa loki\u00f0 n\u00e1mi breyti st\u00f6\u00f0ugt pers\u00f3nulegum skj\u00f6lum s\u00ednum til a\u00f0 sta\u00f0festa n\u00fdja \u00fatskrift. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2008 \u00fatv\u00edkka\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0herrafundur um gr\u00e1\u00f0u og f\u00e9lagsm\u00e1l sambandsr\u00edkjanna \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un s\u00edna fr\u00e1 2001 um a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a a\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pusambandinu yr\u00f0u veittar \u00ed \u00c1stral\u00edu, \u00cdsrael, Japan, Kanada og m\u00f6rgum bandar\u00edskum h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum. Allir sem hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 evr\u00f3pskum r\u00edki eiga, eins og \u00e1ri\u00f0 2001, r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 nota \u201edoktor\u201c e\u00f0a \u201edr.\u201c \u00ed flestum l\u00f6ggiltum d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum og \u00fe\u00fa getur skrifa\u00f0 br\u00e9f \u00e1n vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar. \u00c1 sama t\u00edma er n\u00fdjasta menntunargr\u00e1\u00f0an Doktor (ISCED 7) veitt l\u00e6knum (Dr. med. univ.) og tannl\u00e6knum (Dr. med. dent.), sem ekki \u00f6\u00f0last doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u (ISCED 8) heldur stunda sex \u00e1ra n\u00e1m \u00e1 meistarastigi (360 ECTS), svipa\u00f0 og MD e\u00f0a DDS.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.akamai.steamstatic.com\/steam\/apps\/260430\/capsule_616x353.jpg?t=1666987493\" alt=\"Kynningark\u00f3\u00f0ar vulkan vegas\" border=\"1\" align=\"right\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u00deannig a\u00f0 skammst\u00f6funin t\u00e1knar n\u00fdjasta hollenska hugtaki\u00f0 doctorandus, latneska hugtaki\u00f0, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u201es\u00e1 sem ver\u00f0ur l\u00e6knir\u201c (kvenkyns starf er \u00ed raun \u201edoctoranda\u201c). \u00c1 M\u00f6ltu er n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 \u201eDoc\u201c nota\u00f0 af menntunarl\u00e6knum (me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u), v\u00edsindam\u00f6nnum, tannl\u00e6knum og jafnvel l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum. F\u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0i fylgja 5-6 \u00e1ra kerfinu (eins og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00f6nnur me\u00f0fer\u00f0) en \u00feau eru k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201elaurea magistrale a ciclo unico\u201c og eru meistaran\u00e1m. \u00deetta er me\u00f0 tveggja \u00e1ra \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c (n\u00e1nast \u201emeistaran\u00e1m\u201c, jafngildir menntun konungs). \u00c1 20. \u00f6ldinni \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0u \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar h\u00e6rri leitarstig, eins og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. N\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 doc er nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 yfir handhafa \u00e1n doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u og l\u00e6kna (nema l\u00e6kna), tannl\u00e6kna og jafnvel d\u00fdral\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00fdjasta hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c er einnig h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota \u00ed Brasil\u00edu til a\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla l\u00e6kna og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga vegna laga fr\u00e1 keisarat\u00edmanum. Til d\u00e6mis, \u00ed r\u00e9ttarsalnum \u00fear sem eing\u00f6ngu opinber ta\u00edlensk or\u00f0 mega vera notu\u00f0, er ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 kalla Dr. sem mannlegt or\u00f0. Notkun Doc (\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c) e\u00f0a Dr (\u0e14\u0e23.) g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 fengin a\u00f0 l\u00e1ni \u00far ensku. \u00c1 Sr\u00ed Lanka er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 doc \u201eDr.\u201c nota\u00f0 fyrir doktorsnema og l\u00e6kna eins og l\u00e6kna, skur\u00f0l\u00e6kna, tannl\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna. \u00cd september 2025 var \u00feessi tegund af l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i formlega b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 af heilbrig\u00f0isstofnuninni, en banninu var afturkalla\u00f0 daginn eftir. \u00cd As\u00edu eru l\u00e6knar l\u00f6glega kalla\u00f0ir \u201einnlima\u00f0ir l\u00e6knir\u201c.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Innlegg Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg notkun N\u00fdttu \u00fe\u00e9r fr\u00e1 v\u00edsindal\u00e6knum \u00ed Bretlandi og \u00fe\u00fa munt kynnast menningartengdum l\u00f6ndum Innlima\u00f0u vegna v\u00edsindalegra me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ila \u00ed Bretlandi og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir menningarlega skyldra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a Notkun um allan heim Augnl\u00e6knar geta einnig veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00ed Bretlandi er fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0a \u00ed sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i nau\u00f0synleg fyrir l\u00f6ggilta sj\u00f3nl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 reynslu af [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19644","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19644","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19644"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19644\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19645,"href":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19644\/revisions\/19645"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19644"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19644"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/albaazar.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19644"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}